As BJP Tries to Finalise Deal With PDP in Kashmir, Some Pressure From RSS
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The party’s ideological mentor, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or RSS does not want the BJP to be seen to make any compromise on its stand on key issues like Article 370 or the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), sources said.
A senior RSS leader Indresh Kumar said today, “Two parties are trying to form an alliance, there will be questions… Fanaticism and separatism are not healthy for the country. What has a separate Constitution and flag given to the people of J&K? When asked, the people of J&K say no other state has a separate flag but they are progressing, we aren’t.”
He also controversially said, “The people of Jammu and Kashmir should look towards Delhi and not Islamabad, they should look towards ballot and not bullet. People have voted for ballot and Delhi, both parties will respect this in their agreement.”
While the BJP and the PDP have been negotiating for weeks to work out a common minimum programme or CMP on the basis of which they can govern Jammu and Kashmir together, it is their opposite stands on key issues that has created hurdles.
The latest is the PDP’s demand for a written assurance that “the present constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir will be maintained.”
The PDP, which swept the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley, has been firmly opposed to any attempt to weaken Article 370, which is seen as vital for the autonomy of the state by residents. It makes the consent of the state government necessary for laws except those related to defence or national security.
A senior RSS leader Indresh Kumar said today, “Two parties are trying to form an alliance, there will be questions… Fanaticism and separatism are not healthy for the country. What has a separate Constitution and flag given to the people of J&K? When asked, the people of J&K say no other state has a separate flag but they are progressing, we aren’t.”
He also controversially said, “The people of Jammu and Kashmir should look towards Delhi and not Islamabad, they should look towards ballot and not bullet. People have voted for ballot and Delhi, both parties will respect this in their agreement.”
While the BJP and the PDP have been negotiating for weeks to work out a common minimum programme or CMP on the basis of which they can govern Jammu and Kashmir together, it is their opposite stands on key issues that has created hurdles.
The latest is the PDP’s demand for a written assurance that “the present constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir will be maintained.”
The PDP, which swept the Muslim-majority Kashmir valley, has been firmly opposed to any attempt to weaken Article 370, which is seen as vital for the autonomy of the state by residents. It makes the consent of the state government necessary for laws except those related to defence or national security.
AAP govt stops termination of contractual employees in Delhi
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The decision was taken at a high-level meeting presided over by Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal.
Around one lakh employees, including doctors, nurses, teachers, sanitation staff are working under contractual scheme in various Delhi government departments and agencies.
“Services of any contractual employee should not be terminated or stopped till further orders,” said the brief government order issued to various departments
Sources said contractual employees whose contractual term was nearing completion would also benefit as they will be allowed to continue in service.
Delhi government was in the process of carrying out a thorough review of the issue of contractual employees to finalise a policy framework, the sources said.
Various government departments including Education, PWD, Health and Family Welfare and Women and Child Development had recruited employees under contractual scheme in the last few years.
In the its election manifesto, AAP had promised to regularise services of contractual employees in various Delhi government departments and agencies.
Around one lakh employees, including doctors, nurses, teachers, sanitation staff are working under contractual scheme in various Delhi government departments and agencies.
“Services of any contractual employee should not be terminated or stopped till further orders,” said the brief government order issued to various departments
Sources said contractual employees whose contractual term was nearing completion would also benefit as they will be allowed to continue in service.
Delhi government was in the process of carrying out a thorough review of the issue of contractual employees to finalise a policy framework, the sources said.
Various government departments including Education, PWD, Health and Family Welfare and Women and Child Development had recruited employees under contractual scheme in the last few years.
In the its election manifesto, AAP had promised to regularise services of contractual employees in various Delhi government departments and agencies.
May Sue the Congress, Says Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister
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Mr Chouhan, 55, says the Congress’ accusations are completely baseless and untrue, and prove how desperate the opposition is to regain power in the state he is ruling for a third consecutive term.
On Monday, Congress heavyweights from Madhya Pradesh, led by former chief minister Digvijaya Singh, demanded that the country’s premier investigating agency, the CBI, probe an alleged cover-up to protect Mr Chouhan from being exposed for corruption. That is not necessary because a special task force is already investigating the case, said Mr Chouhan.
The alleged scam is centred on the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board, which administers tests to candidates for medical officers, constables, teachers and auditors within government departments. Mr Chouhan’s party, the BJP, says that his determination to identify any wrong-doing led him to order an investigation when he received an anonymous complaint in 2013.
That investigation is being monitored by the Jabalpur High Court, which late last year dismissed a Congress petition demanding a CBI probe. The opposition Congress says Mr Chouhan and his administration are guilty of tampering with evidence that was collected by investigators. Mr Singh said that a hard drive seized by investigators was replaced, and that the Chief Minister was mentioned 48 times in an incriminating spreadsheet. Top Congress leaders say that to protect Mr Chouhan, his name was replaced with that of BJP leader Uma Bharti.
On Monday, Congress heavyweights from Madhya Pradesh, led by former chief minister Digvijaya Singh, demanded that the country’s premier investigating agency, the CBI, probe an alleged cover-up to protect Mr Chouhan from being exposed for corruption. That is not necessary because a special task force is already investigating the case, said Mr Chouhan.
The alleged scam is centred on the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board, which administers tests to candidates for medical officers, constables, teachers and auditors within government departments. Mr Chouhan’s party, the BJP, says that his determination to identify any wrong-doing led him to order an investigation when he received an anonymous complaint in 2013.
That investigation is being monitored by the Jabalpur High Court, which late last year dismissed a Congress petition demanding a CBI probe. The opposition Congress says Mr Chouhan and his administration are guilty of tampering with evidence that was collected by investigators. Mr Singh said that a hard drive seized by investigators was replaced, and that the Chief Minister was mentioned 48 times in an incriminating spreadsheet. Top Congress leaders say that to protect Mr Chouhan, his name was replaced with that of BJP leader Uma Bharti.
Government will not allow any religious group to incite hatred: PM Modi
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The Prime Minister, who has been accused by opposition and Christian groups of turning a blind eye to a string of recent attacks on five churches and a Christian school in Delhi, said his government “gives equal respect to all religions”.
“My government will ensure that there is complete freedom of faith and that everyone has the undeniable right to retain or adopt the religion of his or her choice without coercion or undue influence.
“My government will not allow any religious group, belonging to the majority or the minority, to incite hatred against others, overtly or covertly. Mine will be a government that gives equal respect to all religions,” he said at a function here.
He was addressing the national celebration function of the elevation to Sainthood of Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Mother Euphrasia at Vigyan Bhawan.
In a stern warning to fringe elements, he said, “We cannot accept violence against any religion on any pretext and I strongly condemn such violence. My government will act strongly in this regard.”
Noting that the world is increasingly witnessing division and hostility on religious lines and the issue has become a matter of global concern, the Prime Minister said the ancient Indian plea of mutual respect for all faiths is now beginning to manifest in global discourse.
“My government will ensure that there is complete freedom of faith and that everyone has the undeniable right to retain or adopt the religion of his or her choice without coercion or undue influence.
“My government will not allow any religious group, belonging to the majority or the minority, to incite hatred against others, overtly or covertly. Mine will be a government that gives equal respect to all religions,” he said at a function here.
He was addressing the national celebration function of the elevation to Sainthood of Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Mother Euphrasia at Vigyan Bhawan.
In a stern warning to fringe elements, he said, “We cannot accept violence against any religion on any pretext and I strongly condemn such violence. My government will act strongly in this regard.”
Noting that the world is increasingly witnessing division and hostility on religious lines and the issue has become a matter of global concern, the Prime Minister said the ancient Indian plea of mutual respect for all faiths is now beginning to manifest in global discourse.
Suspicious package found at Copenhagen shooting cafe
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The suspected gunman in that attack and another on a synagogue was shot dead on Sunday but Copenhagen has been on high alert since and two people were arrested on Monday, accused of helping the attacker.
Sniffer dogs and about 25-30 police officers were present at the cafe while vans with more officers were arriving, the TV reporter said. They were waiting for a bomb disposal team, police told the witness.
A 22-year-old gunman opened fire on a cafe hosting a free speech debate on Saturday, killing one. He then attacked the synagogue, killing a guard. The shootings sent shockwaves through the country, proud of its open society.
Police later shot dead the man suspected of the killings in a shootout in his neighborhood of Norrebro, a largely immigrant part of the city with a reputation for gang violence.
Police have still not named the shooter but media outlets have widely reported that he was Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein, a son of Palestinian immigrants known to the police due to his weapons violations, an assault conviction and membership of a gang.
On Monday, police confirmed that the shooter visited an internet cafe where later they detained the two men accused of aiding him.
Sniffer dogs and about 25-30 police officers were present at the cafe while vans with more officers were arriving, the TV reporter said. They were waiting for a bomb disposal team, police told the witness.
A 22-year-old gunman opened fire on a cafe hosting a free speech debate on Saturday, killing one. He then attacked the synagogue, killing a guard. The shootings sent shockwaves through the country, proud of its open society.
Police later shot dead the man suspected of the killings in a shootout in his neighborhood of Norrebro, a largely immigrant part of the city with a reputation for gang violence.
Police have still not named the shooter but media outlets have widely reported that he was Omar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein, a son of Palestinian immigrants known to the police due to his weapons violations, an assault conviction and membership of a gang.
On Monday, police confirmed that the shooter visited an internet cafe where later they detained the two men accused of aiding him.
Egypt’s Abdel Fattah Sisi Urges UN Mandate for Libya Coalition
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“There is no other choice, taking into account the agreement of the Libyan people and government and that they call on us to act,” he told France’s Europe 1 radio in an interview aired on Tuesday.
Asked if it would recommence its own action: “We need to do it again, and all of us together.”
Asked if it would recommence its own action: “We need to do it again, and all of us together.”
Germany wants Jews to stay, promises security efforts
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Chancellor Angela Merkel said Germany was “glad and also grateful” to have a Jewish community, when asked about Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s renewed appeal following attack in Copenhagen.
The German government and other officials will do everything possible to ensure the safety of Jewish institutions and citizens in Germany, Merkel told reporters after Sunday’s election in the northern city-state of Hamburg.
“We’d like to go on living well together with the Jews who are in Germany today,” the chancellor added.
A German foreign ministry spokeswoman had a similar message, saying “We want to do everything so that Jews stay here in Germany and so that they feel well and safe.”
Netanyahu yesterday urged European Jews to emigrate to Israel after a Jewish man was killed in the attack outside Copenhagen’s main synagogue, relaunching a call he made after Islamist attacks in Paris last month that left four Jews dead.
French President Francois Hollande said today that Jews were welcome in Europe and France, while his Prime Minister Manuel Valls said he “regretted” Netanyahu’s remarks.
French authorities also reported yesterday that 300 Jewish tombs had been defaced in the village of Montry in northeast France.
At an event commemorating the 70th anniversary of the liberation of death camp Auschwitz, Merkel said it was a “disgrace” that Jews in Germany faced insults, threats or violence.
More than 100,000 Jews make their home in Germany, she noted.
The German government and other officials will do everything possible to ensure the safety of Jewish institutions and citizens in Germany, Merkel told reporters after Sunday’s election in the northern city-state of Hamburg.
“We’d like to go on living well together with the Jews who are in Germany today,” the chancellor added.
A German foreign ministry spokeswoman had a similar message, saying “We want to do everything so that Jews stay here in Germany and so that they feel well and safe.”
Netanyahu yesterday urged European Jews to emigrate to Israel after a Jewish man was killed in the attack outside Copenhagen’s main synagogue, relaunching a call he made after Islamist attacks in Paris last month that left four Jews dead.
French President Francois Hollande said today that Jews were welcome in Europe and France, while his Prime Minister Manuel Valls said he “regretted” Netanyahu’s remarks.
French authorities also reported yesterday that 300 Jewish tombs had been defaced in the village of Montry in northeast France.
At an event commemorating the 70th anniversary of the liberation of death camp Auschwitz, Merkel said it was a “disgrace” that Jews in Germany faced insults, threats or violence.
More than 100,000 Jews make their home in Germany, she noted.
Atomic Test in the World
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Types of Atomic tests - Atmospheric, Underwater, Underground. Scence behind Atomic Weapons Testing - Atomic weapons are weapons of mass destruction based on two types of reactions - nuclear fission and fusions reaction.
Types of Atomic tests - Atmospheric, Underwater, Underground. Scence behind Atomic Weapons Testing - Atomic weapons are weapons of mass destruction based on two types of reactions - nuclear fission and fusions reaction.
Nuclear Fission based atomic weapon
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In nuclear fission reaction a critical mass is created by combining two sub-critical mass capable to support a chain reaction. There are two ways in which a critical mass can be created. In the gun-type method, sub-critical masses of fissionable material are placed a little apart from one another in a device similar to a gun barrel. A powerful conventional explosive is packed behind one piece, the fuse is triggered and the explosive goes off propelling one of the sub-critical masses into the other at high speed. A combined mass become super-critical and initiates the self-subtaining chain reaction. For example, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima used the gun-type method.
The other method is the implosion method. A spherical sub-critical mass is surrounded by conventional explosives. The explosive goes off on detonation, compressing the sub-critical mass into high density supercritical mass resulting into a high density supercritical mass resulting into chain reaction. For example the atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki was of the implosion type.
In nuclear fission reaction a critical mass is created by combining two sub-critical mass capable to support a chain reaction. There are two ways in which a critical mass can be created. In the gun-type method, sub-critical masses of fissionable material are placed a little apart from one another in a device similar to a gun barrel. A powerful conventional explosive is packed behind one piece, the fuse is triggered and the explosive goes off propelling one of the sub-critical masses into the other at high speed. A combined mass become super-critical and initiates the self-subtaining chain reaction. For example, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima used the gun-type method.
The other method is the implosion method. A spherical sub-critical mass is surrounded by conventional explosives. The explosive goes off on detonation, compressing the sub-critical mass into high density supercritical mass resulting into a high density supercritical mass resulting into chain reaction. For example the atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki was of the implosion type.
Nuclear Fusion based atomic weapons
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In fusion weapons, the power comes from the fusion or combination of lightweight nuclei under intense heat, the reason why they are also called thermonuclear weapons. The nuclei of the isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, are fused. The product of fusion weight less than the combined original nuclei and the lost matter turns into energy. The very high temperature required for fusion is achieved by means of fusion explosion. The explosion of the fission device also release neutrons which strike against a compound of lithium-6 deuteride inside the weapon. On being struck by neutrons the compound gives rise to helium and tritium. Now pairs of one tritium nuclei, pair of deuterium nuclei and pair of one tritium-one deuterium nuclei combine to form helium nuclei. As some amount of matter from the deuterium and tritium nuclei is converted into a large amount of energy a thermonuclear explosion takes place. The explosive power of the weapon is increased by surrounding lithium-6 deuteride with U-238 because the thermonuclear explosion fissions the uranium-238. The device is also known as hydrogen bomb as isotopes of hydrogen are responsible for its explosive power.
In fusion weapons, the power comes from the fusion or combination of lightweight nuclei under intense heat, the reason why they are also called thermonuclear weapons. The nuclei of the isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, are fused. The product of fusion weight less than the combined original nuclei and the lost matter turns into energy. The very high temperature required for fusion is achieved by means of fusion explosion. The explosion of the fission device also release neutrons which strike against a compound of lithium-6 deuteride inside the weapon. On being struck by neutrons the compound gives rise to helium and tritium. Now pairs of one tritium nuclei, pair of deuterium nuclei and pair of one tritium-one deuterium nuclei combine to form helium nuclei. As some amount of matter from the deuterium and tritium nuclei is converted into a large amount of energy a thermonuclear explosion takes place. The explosive power of the weapon is increased by surrounding lithium-6 deuteride with U-238 because the thermonuclear explosion fissions the uranium-238. The device is also known as hydrogen bomb as isotopes of hydrogen are responsible for its explosive power.
Nuclear Reactor Technology
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A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate. The most significant use of nuclear reactors is as an energy source for the generation of electrical power and for the power of propulsion in nuclear submarines.
The physics of operating a nuclear reactor is explained by Nuclear reactor physics. The natural uranium is the fuel used in the reactor and consists of two types of isotopes - U 238 and U-235 in the ratio of 139:1. The U-235 isotope undergoes fission and release energy. When a slow neutron strucks U-235 atom, it splits into two or more fragments and two or three fast neutrons. Tremendous amount of energy is produced in this process. The fast neutrons re made to slow down before they strike other U-235 atoms, thus releasing chain reaction is attained in due course of time.
A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate. The most significant use of nuclear reactors is as an energy source for the generation of electrical power and for the power of propulsion in nuclear submarines.
The physics of operating a nuclear reactor is explained by Nuclear reactor physics. The natural uranium is the fuel used in the reactor and consists of two types of isotopes - U 238 and U-235 in the ratio of 139:1. The U-235 isotope undergoes fission and release energy. When a slow neutron strucks U-235 atom, it splits into two or more fragments and two or three fast neutrons. Tremendous amount of energy is produced in this process. The fast neutrons re made to slow down before they strike other U-235 atoms, thus releasing chain reaction is attained in due course of time.
Classifications
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Nuclear Reactor are classified by several methods such as based on nuclear reaction, moderator material, coolant, phase of fuel, use etc. A brief outline of these classification schemes is provided below:
Nuclear fission - Most reactors, and all commercial ones, are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction. Thermal reactors use slowed or thermal neutrons and fast neutron reactors use fast neutrons to cause fission in their fuel. they do not have a neutron moderator and use less moderating coolants.
Light water moderated reactors (LWRs) - Light water reactors use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors. At operating temperature, the density of water drops because of increase in it's temperature, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. Due to the extra thermalization, these types can use natural uranium/unreached fuel.
Name of Nuclear Explosions Country Yield (Kt) Year Trinity USA 19 1945 Little Boy USA 15 1945 Fat Man USA 21 1945 RDS-1 USSR 22 1949 Hurricane UK 25 1952 Ivy Mike USA 10,400 1952 Joe 4 USSR 400 1953 Castle Bravo USA 15,000 1954 RDS-37 USSR 1,600 1955 Grapple X UK 1800 1957 Gerboise Bleue France 70 1960 Tsar Bomba USSR 57000 1961 596 China 22 1964 Test No. 6 China 3300 1967 Canopus France 2600 1968 Smiling Buddha India 12 1974 Pokhran-II India 60 1998 Chagai-I Pakistan 36-40 1998 2006 North Korea Nuclear Test North Korea less than 1 Kt 2006 2009 North Korea Nuclear Test North Korea 5-15 2009
Nuclear Reactor are classified by several methods such as based on nuclear reaction, moderator material, coolant, phase of fuel, use etc. A brief outline of these classification schemes is provided below:
Nuclear fission - Most reactors, and all commercial ones, are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction. Thermal reactors use slowed or thermal neutrons and fast neutron reactors use fast neutrons to cause fission in their fuel. they do not have a neutron moderator and use less moderating coolants.
Light water moderated reactors (LWRs) - Light water reactors use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors. At operating temperature, the density of water drops because of increase in it's temperature, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. Due to the extra thermalization, these types can use natural uranium/unreached fuel.
| Name of Nuclear Explosions | Country | Yield (Kt) | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trinity | USA | 19 | 1945 |
| Little Boy | USA | 15 | 1945 |
| Fat Man | USA | 21 | 1945 |
| RDS-1 | USSR | 22 | 1949 |
| Hurricane | UK | 25 | 1952 |
| Ivy Mike | USA | 10,400 | 1952 |
| Joe 4 | USSR | 400 | 1953 |
| Castle Bravo | USA | 15,000 | 1954 |
| RDS-37 | USSR | 1,600 | 1955 |
| Grapple X | UK | 1800 | 1957 |
| Gerboise Bleue | France | 70 | 1960 |
| Tsar Bomba | USSR | 57000 | 1961 |
| 596 | China | 22 | 1964 |
| Test No. 6 | China | 3300 | 1967 |
| Canopus | France | 2600 | 1968 |
| Smiling Buddha | India | 12 | 1974 |
| Pokhran-II | India | 60 | 1998 |
| Chagai-I | Pakistan | 36-40 | 1998 |
| 2006 North Korea Nuclear Test | North Korea | less than 1 Kt | 2006 |
| 2009 North Korea Nuclear Test | North Korea | 5-15 | 2009 |
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